Introduction

Geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum) is one of the most popular ornamental flowering plants, admired for its bright, colorful flower clusters, attractive foliage, and long blooming season. Although commonly called "Geranium," most garden varieties actually belong to the genus Pelargonium.

Geraniums are widely grown in flower beds, borders, pots, window boxes, hanging baskets, balconies, patios, and public landscapes because they are easy to maintain and bloom continuously from spring through autumn in suitable climates.

Physical Characteristics

Height

• Typically grows 12–24 inches (30–60 cm) tall.
• Dwarf varieties may remain 8–12 inches (20–30 cm).

Spread

• Spreads 12–24 inches (30–60 cm) wide.
• Forms a compact, bushy mound.

Stem

• Thick, fleshy, green stems.
• Becomes slightly woody with age.

Leaves

• Rounded or kidney-shaped leaves with scalloped edges.
• Soft, velvety texture.
• Medium to dark green with a distinctive darker "zone" or band on many varieties.
• Leaves are aromatic when crushed.

Flowers

• Flowers grow in rounded clusters (umbels).
• Each flower has five petals.
• Available in a wide range of colors:
  • Red
  • Pink
  • White
  • Purple
  • Orange
  • Salmon
  • Lavender
  • Bi-colored varieties

Fruits

• Produces long, beak-shaped seed capsules, though hybrids are usually propagated vegetatively.

Propagation

Geranium is propagated by:

1. Stem Cuttings

• The easiest and most common method.
• Take healthy 4–6 inch cuttings.
• Rooting occurs within 2–4 weeks.

2. Seeds

• Mainly used for seed-grown hybrid varieties.
• Germination occurs within 7–21 days.

Landscape & Decorative Uses

Geranium is ideal for:

• Flower beds
• Garden borders
• Pots and containers
• Hanging baskets
• Window boxes
• Balcony gardens
• Terrace gardens
• Parks
• Hotel landscapes
• Public gardens

Common Problems

Aphids

Feed on young shoots and flower buds.

Whiteflies

Can weaken the plant by sucking sap.

Spider Mites

Common during hot, dry weather.

Botrytis (Gray Mold)

Occurs in cool, humid conditions.

Root Rot

Caused by excessive watering or poor drainage.

Maintenance Tips

• Plant in well-drained soil with plenty of sunlight.
• Remove faded flowers (deadheading) to encourage continuous blooming.
• Water deeply but allow the soil to dry slightly between waterings.
• Fertilize regularly during the growing season.
• Prune leggy stems to maintain a compact shape.
• Ensure good air circulation to reduce disease risk.
• Protect from frost and prolonged heavy rain.

Lifespan

Geraniums can live for 3–10 years in frost-free climates with proper care. In colder regions, they are often grown as annuals or overwintered indoors.

Interesting Facts

• Although commonly called Geranium, most ornamental garden varieties belong to the genus Pelargonium.
• Geranium leaves contain aromatic oils used in perfumes and essential oil production.
• The flowers are attractive to bees, butterflies, and other pollinators.
• Geraniums are excellent companion plants because their scent may help deter some garden pests.
• They are among the most popular flowering plants for container gardening worldwide.